Quantifying aboveground herbaceous biomass in grassy ecosystems: a comparison of field and high-resolution UAV-LiDAR approaches

Grassy ecosystems cover >25% of the world’s land surface area. The abundance of herbaceous vegetation in these systems directly impacts a variety of ecological processes, including carbon sequestration, regulation of water and nutrient cycling, and support of grazing wildlife and livestock. Efforts to quantify herba- ceous biomass, however, are often limited by a trade-off between accuracy and spatial scale. Here, we describe a method for using Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) to estimate continuous aboveground biomass (AGB) at sub-meter res- olutions over large (10–10 000 ha) spatial scales. Across two African savanna ecosystems, we compared field- and LiDAR-derived structural metrics—includ- ing measures of vegetation height and volume—with destructively harvested AGB by aligning our geospatial data with the location of harvested quadrats. Using this combination of approaches, we develop scaling equations to estimate spatially continuous herbaceous AGB over large areas. We demonstrate the util- ity of this method using a long-term, large herbivore exclosure experiment as a case study and comprehensively compare common field- and LiDAR-derived metrics for estimating herbaceous AGB. Our results indicate that UAV-borne LiDAR provides comparable accuracy to standard field methods but over con- siderably larger areas. Nearly every measure of vegetation structure we quanti- fied using LiDAR provided estimates of AGB that were comparable in accuracy (R2 > 0.6) to the suite of common field methods we evaluated. However, marked differences between our two sites indicate that, for applications where accurate estimation of absolute biomass is a priority, site-specific parameteriza- tion with destructive harvesting is necessary regardless of methodology. With the increasing availability of high-resolution remote sensing data globally, our results indicate that many measures of herbaceous vegetation structure can be used to accurately compare AGB, even in the absence of complementary field data.